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The Influence of Chivalry on Society
To understand the effects of chivalry, we must ask whether the violent spectacles and tournaments it promoted truly helped to civilize society. When death,...
The Real Danger of Tournaments
In the tournaments of chivalry, the danger of combat was a central part of the spectacle. Knights risked life and limb in public displays...
The “Pas d’Armes” and Its Dangers
Another popular practice in chivalry was the pas d’armes, or “passage of arms.” In these events, a group of knights would set up their...
“I Stand at the Door and Knock” (Revelation 3:14–22)
In the Book of Revelation, we read these famous words: “Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and...
From Prosperity to Decline
After the Roman and Byzantine periods, Laodicea slowly lost its importance. The city became a battleground between different powers. Byzantine armies fought to defend...
Trade Water and Growth
Although Laodicea did not receive as much financial support from Roman emperors as some of the rival coastal cities, it still became rich and...
The Assembly at the Campus
When the day of the imperial proclamation arrived, all those concerned with the event gathered on the Campus at the Hebdomon. This included soldiers,...
Valens and the Development of the Harbour of the Hebdomon
Emperor Valens showed special interest in the suburb of the Hebdomon, not only by using it for important state ceremonies but also by improving...
Public Punishment and Imperial Justice at the Hebdomon
The Hebdomon was not only a place of military gathering and ceremony, but also a site where public executions were carried out. When executions...
Clear Evidence from Individual Monuments
In addition to the general statements about the distance of the Hebdomon from Constantinople, there is another important line of evidence. Not only is...
